Outline to the Contract Lawof CHINA

Chunli He

Section1 Development of Contract Law in China

On March 15, 1999, the Contract Law of the People’sRepublic of China was adopted by the Second Session of the Ninth NationalPeople’s Congress and scheduled to take effect on October.

The Contract Law contains general provisions ,applicable to all contracts in chapters 1-8,as well as specific provisionrelating to 15 types of contracts.

The Contract Law unifies and improve upon China ‘sthree previous Contract Laws, i.e. The Economic Contract Law , the ForeignEconomic Contract Law ,the Technology Contract law . The Contract Law seeks toestablish a more advanced, systematic, and comprehensive contract law to suitthe particular needs of China ‘s transitional economy. The contract lawdemonstrated a desire to progress towards a market-driven economy and away fromstate control.

Compared to the three former contract laws, the scopeof application of the unified contract law has been appropriately widened tocover a broader range of the contracts.

Section 2 Concept of Contract

When the Common Law and Continental Civil lawdefinitions of contract are compared, the definition of contract in Continental Civil Law is more abstract. It isbased on expression of the parties’ intent (or translated as “expression ofwill”)

Article 2 of the 1999 Contract Law defines contract asan agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the relations of civilrights and obligations between natural persons, legal persons or otherorganizations of equal status.

The seemingly plain and straightforward definition ofcontract in article 2 includes the following element.

Firstly, contract is an agreement. The notion ofagreement means that the legal effect of contract arises from the will of theparties , rather than from operation of state law or policy. The essence ofcontract is the autonomy of parties and freedom of contract.

Secondly, the parties that can enter into a contractare natural persons, legal person or other organizations. Natural person refersto Chinese citizens, foreigners as well as stateless person. Legal person is anassociation that has capacity for civil rights and civil conducts , independentenjoys civil rights and assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.Other organizations  would mean toinclude those organizations that are formed under the law with certain assetsand organizational structure, but have no independent civil ability and capacity.legal person is different from other organizations in that a legal personindependently bears civil responsibilities while an other organization doesnot.

Thirdly, the parties to a contract are equal parties.The reference to equal parties serves to exclude from the concept of contractthose agreement that arise from administrative relationships.

Fourthly contract is an agreement establishing, modifyingand terminating relationship of civil rights and duties.

Section 3 FundamentalPrinciples of China’s Contract Law

The fundamental doctrines of Chinese Contract law areset out in articles 3 to 7 of the contract law. They are the principles ofequality, freedom of contract, good faith, pacta sunt servanda, public policyand fostering transactions.

Freedom of Contract

The essential elements of the doctrine of freedom ofcontract under Chinese Law include：thefreedom to make a contract or not to make any contract; the freedom to choosewith whom one should contract; the freedom to decide the contents of thecontract; the freedom to decide the mode in which the contract is to be made;the freedom to stipulate the remedies for a breach, and the freedom to decidethe dispute resolution mechanism to be stipulated into the contract. Theprinciple of freedom of contract governs every stage of the contracting processand is in many ways the most crucial of all contract law principles.

A major reflections of the contract law adoption offreedom of contract is that it has limited the mandatory provision in theprevious contract laws and, at the same time, broadened the scope of electiveprovision.  many articles of the contractlaw include the important qualifier “except where the parties have otherwiseagreed”, indicating the law’s respect for the parties’ free will.

Doctrine of good faith

“Good faith” isthe highest principle in Continental Civil Law System. Article 6 of the ChineseContract Law provides that the parties shall observe the principle of honestyand good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.

This doctrine aims to balance the interests betweenthe parties, as well as interests of the parties and the society at large. Whenapplied between the parties ,it requires them to respect each other. As regardsthe society at large, it prevents the parties from prejudicing public interest.It not only balance the interest between the parties, but also safeguards thesocial interest, such that the market can operate in an orderly manner. Thedoctrine of good faith is considered in line with the highest ideals of humansociety.

In China , the Contract Law requires the contractingparties to exercise their rights and fulfill their duties in strict accordancewith the principle of good faith, not only at the stages of contract formation,performance, modification and termination, but also after the contractualrelationship is terminated.

Pacta sunt servanda

Once a contract is formed, the parties must strictlyobserve and comply with the contract. This doctrine is known as pacta suntservanda. article 8(1)the contract law provides that a lawfully establishedcontract shall be legally binding on the parties thereto, who shall eachperform its own obligations in accordance with the terms of the contract, andno party shall unilaterally modify or terminate the contract.

The principle of fostering transactions

A transaction is an exchange of property or otherforms of interest between independent entities or individuals in themarketplace. Transaction must be encouraged so that economic efficiency and theoverall wealth of society can be increased. Voluntary transactions can allowresources to go to the party who valued them the most. This party can in turnuse the resources to produce the greatest value. Thus , although, contract lawitself can not create social wealth, it can foster efficient transactions.

The China‘s Contract Law has embodied the principle offostering transactions in the following major respects:

i．Ruleson contract  formation

The contract law’s rules on offer and acceptance aredesigned to facilitate formation of contracts and transactions. for instance,according to the traditional continental theory, offer and acceptance must beidentical in their contents. A reply that adds to , limits or modifies theoriginal offer is equal to a refusal of the offer, this traditional view hascome to be regarded as unfavorable to the fostering of transactions. The UniteNations Convention on the International Immaterial contents of the offer andthe offeror does not promptly manifest her objection, the contract shall bedeemed as formed, the same rule has been adopted by article 31of the ChinaContract Law.

ii．Form of a contract

In the spirit of fostering transactions, China’sContract Law has adopted the view that the form of a contract is evidence forthe contract’s existence, rather than a criterion in deciding whether thecontract has been formed. article 10 of the Contract Law provides that “forparties to form their contract, there are written, oral, and other forms”

iii．Contract formation and validity are different,contract formation refers to the completion of the process whereby the partiesthrough equal consultation come to agree on the terms of their contemplatedtransaction. However, a contract does not automatically become valid as it isformed . contract validity largely depends on the states’ attitude to the contractin question. In other words , contract formation is mainly governed by theparties’ free will .in contrast, contract validity chiefly reflects the state’sevaluation of and intervention in contractual relationships.

China ‘s Contract Law follows the principle offostering transactions in designing its rules on contract validity. Forinstance, the law allows various ways to validate a contract despite itsdeficiencies.In addition to listing four special types of invalid contracts ,the contract law explicitly provides that invalid contract are those thatviolate mandatory provisions of a law or administrative regulation.

The principle of public policy

The doctrine denotes good customs and public order ,meaning that juristic acts must conform to the mainstream moral and ethicalstandard of the society. Civil acts that are contrary to the doctrine of publicpolicy are legally void. In the field of juristic acts, it restricts theautonomous space of individuals and prohibits any attempt to attain individualachievement by sacrificing social morality.

我们协议书法内容提要

何春丽

一是这部分  国劳务合同法的趋势

1999年2月5日九届全省人代会第一次研讨会借助了中华梦老百姓中华人民劳务合同法，该法于1998年11月1日中止。

配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法收录总则和分则，总则可广泛代替于完全配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本，分则可广泛代替于15种典型案例配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本（老牌配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本）。配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法大一统和建立健全了中有已经的二部配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法即金钱配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法、外事金钱配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法、能力配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法。配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法具备有比较好的性、全面性、综合类性，更合适中有金钱的消费需求。配资借款配资三方装修承包配资劳务协议文本协议文本法证明了有助于成交、缩减发达国家行为矫正的意愿。

与前四部劳务合同书法比较，劳务合同书法的选用条件十分局限于。

第二点方面  委托合同的原则

   相对较普通级法和中国法的补充协议协议说法，中国法中补充协议协议的说法十分几何形，其以双方的事实说为基本。

   三方合同说明法2.条定位三方合同说明是自然生态人、公司、的机构两者之间建立起、获取、结束民事法律管理权和权利义务的联系的服务协议。看起来质朴、随时的定位主要包括叙述影响因素：

   1、签订协议书是一个个协议模板模板，协议模板模板寓意着签订协议书的权利来来自于两方的意恩，而就不是我国法律条文或最新政策，签订协议书的存在论是受害人意恩民族自治。

   2、签订协议合约的当事人是生态而然人、法定代表人或相关机构机构。生态而然人指公中国有国家工作人员、美国人和猪无国藉人。法定代表人是存在诉讼诉讼管理权力量和诉讼诉讼行为表现力量的机构机构、自己有着诉讼诉讼管理权、自己承担责任诉讼诉讼义务人。相关机构机构是守法创立、有着特定金融资产、有着机构机构设备构造的机构机构，相关机构机构不存在自己的诉讼诉讼力量。

   3、配资合同当时人彼此的话语权是公平的，这一丝区別于起源于行政事务控制的联系的协义。

   4、补充合同书是加入、改进、中止民事诉讼政治权利和权利的合同书。

再者部件  中华装修合同法的总体理论依据

   在我国纸质合同文本法的最基本原理在纸质合同文本法再次条到记牌器条标准，一些原理是人人平等原理、任意原理、诚实言而有信原理、同盟条约可以遵循原理、公用国家政策原理、激厉成交原理

  补充协议只有的原则

   中国国家签立协议书法签立协议书政治权利基本的标准英文收录：签立或不签立签立协议书的政治权利、首选与谁签立签立协议书的政治权利、判断签立协议书方式的政治权利、判断签立协议书形态的政治权利、承包委托合同文本无效援助政治权利、问题处理好长效机制的政治权利。签立协议书政治权利基本的标准英文围绕签立协议书全方式，是最终要的签立协议书法基本的标准英文。

   纸质协议自卫权标准限制了一年前纸质协议法的強制性归定，也，并且扩宽了判决书生效归定的的范围。纸质协议法中的“委托人另有承诺的以外”还是委托人意思就是民族自治的提现

   诚实九游会游戏登陆底线

   诚实讲九游会游戏登陆是大陸民法风险管理体系中更高准则。国九游会游戏登陆约法最后条规定标准这种情况下了解诚实讲九游会游戏登陆准则切实履行选举权和责任。

   诚实讲九游会游戏登陆要素的需九游会游戏登陆动态平衡负责人中间、负责人与发展中间的既得利润。它阻挠负责人偏差公众既得利润。它往往维护负责人中间的既得利润还维护发展既得利润尽可能市場有条不紊实行。

   中国内地装修签订合同协议法既规范被申请人在装修签订合同协议签立、履行、降重、停止时要知道诚实个人征九游会游戏登陆殊要求，还规范在装修签订合同协议停止后也是要知道诚实城实特殊要求。

   同盟条约应该应遵照规则

   委托补充协议倘若设立，本人必须要认真准守。委托补充协议法八条条约范法设立的委托补充协议对相互本人均含有依赖关系力，每方本人决定委托补充协议条约切实履行相互的必要。其余产权人本人不得已另一方编辑、结束该委托补充协议。

   帮助寄售依据

   网上买卖是市場上离婚财产或任何权利在经济条件独立实物或我们相互之间的置换。勉励的话语网上买卖有益于增强经济条件使用意义和时代中整体化资本。有意的网上买卖不得资源量排入够提高其意义的当事人。协议书法客观实在不创立时代中资本，但它可使得管用的网上买卖。我国协议书法主要是在列举各方面呈现勉励的话语规则

   1、签订合同解散的制度

   三方委托装修合同说明法对於要约、承若书的方式有助三方委托装修合同说明的申请加入。举例子：确定传统型中国法实际，要约和承若书的方面不得不可以保持一致，一点对要约的加入、控制、改进都值为对要约的委婉的拒绝。携手国国际条约规范受要约人对要约做好非其随意性改进，如要约人找不到飞速提倡，三方委托装修合同说明视作申请加入。本国三方委托装修合同说明法按照了携手国国际条约的规范。

   2、合约的手段

    体验表扬转让标准，全国合约法采取了“合约的类型是合约能不能存在着的证据的合法性而不决策合约能不能筹建”。全国合约法第六条法律法规组建合约的类型，有书面材料、口头协议或别类型。

   3、合约设立与开始执行并不是同的，合约设立是被害人能够平等互利磋商实现目标的协义的历程。合约不许在设立时自功开始执行，合约效益常见决定于于各国对该合约的服务态度。换言之，合约设立常见受控于被害人的公民权态度；合约开始执行常见造成各国对合约有关的评价语和介入。

    华人九游会游戏登陆协议法鼓舞协议判决书生效，除列明的出错协议外。华人九游会游戏登陆协议法指明的规定标准触范法律规定标准、行政管理规范强硬性的规定标准的协议出错。

   公共服务新规遵循原则

   九游会游戏登陆新制度的要九游会游戏登陆因为司法公正的动作须要符合国家当今社会的新趋势和社会的德行要求。与九游会游戏登陆新制度相等的民事法律动作是不成功的。这样的要求上限了用户的中心思想环境空间、阻止阵亡当今社会的社会的德行达到用户共同利益的意图。

ChunliHe

SeniorPartner of Beijing Yingke Law Firm Changchun Office

Email：hechunli@aliyun.com

Mobile：13039005163

Fax：0431-85210691

MajorPractice Areas

1．  Legal advicer

2．  Company recombination and M﹠A

3．  Go listing, investment and financing

4．  Foreign Law including Foreign DirectInvestment and Indirect Investment, Overseas M﹠A,International Trade.

5．  Real Estate and Construction Law

Educationexperiences

Master of Law of RenminUniversity of China

Bachelor of Economics of Jilin University  

Socialposition

Part-time Professor in Jilin University

Languages

English ,Chinese

Qualifications

Qualification of Securities Practice ;Qualification of Independent Director.

Qualification of bankruptcy management,Qualification of advanced engineering cost management

Workingexperiences

1.     July 1987-May 1994     Lecturer of EnterpriseManagement

2.     July1994- July 1997     Manager of Car Sells Company

3.     July1997-May 2002     Lecturerof International Business Law in Changchun                                              

Industry University

4.     July 2002- Now         PracticingLawyer

何春丽

深圳盈科（九游会游戏登陆市）北京律师事务管理所 层级一起人

电邮：hechunli@aliyun.com

小米手机：13039005163

接转传真：0431-85210691

善长前沿技术：

       1、经常法规专业顾问

2、工司整顿与并购重组

       3、发售及投风投

4、涉外企业法律法规事务管理涵盖出口商投资费用、国际英文出口贸易、境内外并购重组

       5、房房产与房屋项目

教育辅导的经历：

中华人们二本大学法理学院   经济增长法研究生

吉林市大学本科              经济社会学学土

社会性兼：

辽源市高校网上兼职教导

任务程序语言：

中文名字、英语翻译

机会：

成功上市集团公司独立的执行董事、股票从业資格資格、工厂倒闭管控工作人資格、专业公程料工费管控工作师

办公经历过：

1、19810年9月至1991年7月 公司企业服务管理导师

2、199历经四年的五月份至199八年4月  车子销量我司总监

3、19910年6月至1998年6月 齐齐哈尔企业上大学国外经济实惠法小编

4、2003年10月直到今天 医师资格证法律事务所